A Systematic Literature Review of Virtual Reality for Teaching Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Review of Virtual Reality for Teaching
Abstract
This systematic literature review explores the application and efficacy of virtual reality as a tool for teaching and improving skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Considering the heterogeneity of ASD and the importance of early intervention, it is imperative to identify effective, innovative therapeutic approaches. A comprehensive search of existing literature and research databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, IEEE Xplore, Scopus and EBSCOhost, was undertaken, and 704 articles were identified as relevant. We evaluated these studies, establishing their eligibility, and eight met the inclusion criteria. This review synthesised studies highlighting the potential of virtual reality to address the unique needs of individuals with ASD, including social skills training, emotional and cognitive development and the management of specific phobias. It reveals how virtual reality simulations offer a safe and controlled environment for practice and learning, supporting the development of essential skills for social interaction and daily functioning. With its structured and individualised approach, virtual reality technology emerges as a promising intervention that caters to the diverse requirements of the ASD population. The review calls for further research to optimise virtual reality tools for broader clinical applications, aiming for more inclusive and accessible interventions for individuals with ASD.
Downloads
References
Colombi, C., Narzisi, A., Ruta, L., Cigala, V., Gagliano, A., Pioggia, G., Siracusano, R., Rogers, S. J., & Muratori, F. (2018). Implementation of the Early Start Denver Model in an Italian community. Autism, 22(2), 126–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316665792
Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A., & Varley, J. (2010). Randomized, Controlled Trial of an Intervention for Toddlers With Autism: The Early Start Denver Model. Pediatrics, 125(1), e17–e23. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0958
Dechsling, A., Orm, S., Kalandadze, T., Sütterlin, S., Øien, R. A., Shic, F., & Nordahl-Hansen, A. (2022). Virtual and Augmented Reality in Social Skills Interventions for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(11), 4692–4707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05338-5
Ecker, C. (2017). The neuroanatomy of autism spectrum disorder: An overview of structural neuroimaging findings and their translatability to the clinical setting. Autism, 21(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315627136
Feng, S., Wang, X., Wang, Q., Fang, J., Wu, Y., Yi, L., & Wei, K. (2018). The uncanny valley effect in typically developing children and its absence in children with autism spectrum disorders. PLOS ONE, 13(11), e0206343. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206343
Ghafari, M., Baigi, V., Cheraghi, Z., & Doosti-Irani, A. (2016). Correction: The Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Iranian Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 11(10), e0165114. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165114
Ghaziuddin, M., Ghaziuddin, N., & Greden, J. (2002). Depression in persons with autism: implications for research and clinical care. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(4), 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016330802348
Grynszpan, O., Weiss, P. L. (Tamar), Perez-Diaz, F., & Gal, E. (2014). Innovative technology-based interventions for autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Autism, 18(4), 346–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313476767
Herrero, J. F., & Lorenzo, G. (2020). An immersive virtual reality educational intervention on people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) for the development of communication skills and problem solving. Education and Information Technologies, 25(3), 1689–1722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10050-0
Howlin, P. (1998). Psychological and Educational Treatments for Autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(3), S0021963097002138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963097002138
Hu, X., & Han, Z. R. (2019). Effects of gesture-based match-to-sample instruction via virtual reality technology for Chinese students with autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 65(5), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2019.1602350
Ip, H. H. S., Wong, S. W. L., Chan, D. F. Y., Byrne, J., Li, C., Yuan, V. S. N., Lau, K. S. Y., & Wong, J. Y. W. (2018). Enhance emotional and social adaptation skills for children with autism spectrum disorder: A virtual reality enabled approach. Computers & Education, 117, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.09.010
Jacob, U. S., Edozie, I. S., & Pillay, J. (2022a). Strategies for enhancing social skills of individuals with intellectual disability: A systematic review. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2022.968314
Jacob, U. S., Edozie, I. S., & Pillay, J. (2022b). Strategies for enhancing social skills of individuals with intellectual disability: A systematic review. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2022.968314
Jacob, U. S., & Pillay, J. (2022a). Instructional strategies that foster reading skills of learners with intellectual disability: A scoping review. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 17(7), 2222–2234. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v17i7.7589
Jacob, U. S., & Pillay, J. (2022b). Instructional strategies that foster reading skills of learners with intellectual disability: A scoping review. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 17(7), 2222–2234. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v17i7.7589
Jacob, U. S., & Pillay, J. (2023). A Systematic Literature Review of Social Media Usage among People with Intellectual Disability. Journal of Culture and Values in Education, 6(3), 42–61. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.2023.19
Johnston, D., Egermann, H., & Kearney, G. (2020). SoundFields: A Virtual Reality Game Designed to Address Auditory Hypersensitivity in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Applied Sciences, 10(9), 2996. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10092996
Ke, F., Moon, J., & Sokolikj, Z. (2022). Virtual Reality–Based Social Skills Training for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Special Education Technology, 37(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162643420945603
Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L., Ashbaugh, K., & Bradshaw, J. (2014). The importance of early identification and intervention for children with or at risk for autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2013.861511
Lahiri, U., Trewyn, A., & Warren, Z. (2012). Dynamic Eye gaze and its Potential in Virtual Reality Based Applications for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism - Open Access, 01(01). https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7890.1000101
López-Carral, H., Blancas-Muñoz, M., Mura, A., Omedas, P., España-Cumellas, À., Martínez-Bueno, E., Milliken, N., Moore, P., Haque, L., Gilroy, S., & Verschure, P. F. M. J. (2022). A Virtual Reality System for the Simulation of Neurodiversity (pp. 523–531). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2380-6_46
Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., Jones, E. J. H., Jones, R. M., Pickles, A., State, M. W., Taylor, J. L., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4
Lorenzo, G., Lledó, A., Pomares, J., & Roig, R. (2016). Design and application of an immersive virtual reality system to enhance emotional skills for children with autism spectrum disorders. Computers & Education, 98, 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.03.018
Maskey, M., Rodgers, J., Grahame, V., Glod, M., Honey, E., Kinnear, J., Labus, M., Milne, J., Minos, D., McConachie, H., & Parr, J. R. (2019). A Randomised Controlled Feasibility Trial of Immersive Virtual Reality Treatment with Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Specific Phobias in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1912–1927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3861-x
Meindl, J. N., Saba, S., Gray, M., Stuebing, L., & Jarvis, A. (2019). Reducing blood draw phobia in an adult with autism spectrum disorder using low‐cost virtual reality exposure therapy. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(6), 1446–1452. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12637
Newbutt, N., Bradley, R., & Conley, I. (2020). Using Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays in Schools with Autistic Children: Views, Experiences, and Future Directions. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0206
Strickland, D. C., McAllister, D., Coles, C. D., & Osborne, S. (2007). An Evolution of Virtual Reality Training Designs for Children With Autism and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Topics in Language Disorders, 27(3), 226–241. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TLD.0000285357.95426.72
van ’t Hof, M., Tisseur, C., van Berckelear-Onnes, I., van Nieuwenhuyzen, A., Daniels, A. M., Deen, M., Hoek, H. W., & Ester, W. A. (2021). Age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019. Autism, 25(4), 862–873. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320971107
Wang, M., & Reid, D. (2013). Using the Virtual Reality-Cognitive Rehabilitation Approach to Improve Contextual Processing in Children with Autism. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/716890
Whitehouse, A. J. O., Varcin, K. J., Pillar, S., Billingham, W., Alvares, G. A., Barbaro, J., Bent, C. A., Blenkley, D., Boutrus, M., Chee, A., Chetcuti, L., Clark, A., Davidson, E., Dimov, S., Dissanayake, C., Doyle, J., Grant, M., Green, C. C., Harrap, M., … Hudry, K. (2021). Effect of Preemptive Intervention on Developmental Outcomes Among Infants Showing Early Signs of Autism. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(11), e213298. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.3298
Yuan, S. N. V., & Ip, H. H. S. (2018). Using virtual reality to train emotional and social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. London Journal of Primary Care, 10(4), 110–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/17571472.2018.1483000
Zhao, J., Zhang, X., Lu, Y., Wu, X., Zhou, F., Yang, S., Wang, L., Wu, X., & Fei, F. (2022). Virtual reality technology enhances the cognitive and social communication of children with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1029392
Zhao, J.-Q., Zhang, X.-X., Wang, C.-H., & Yang, J. (2021). Effect of cognitive training based on virtual reality on the children with autism spectrum disorder. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2, 100013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2020.100013
Copyright (c) 2025 Engagement: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
